Efectividad de la administración de hierro en forma semanal y diaria para la prevención de anemia por deficiencia de hierro en lactantes / Effectiveness of weekly and daily iron administration for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants

Introducción. La deficiencia de hierro (DH) es la carencia nutricional más prevalente y la principal causa de anemia en lactantes. Existe consenso en la suplementación diaria con hierro como estrategia de prevención; también se demostró que la suplementación semanal es eficaz, pero la evidencia en lactantes es escasa. El objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de la administración diaria de hierro frente a la semanal para la prevención de la anemia por DH del lactante. Población y métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado. Lactantes atendidos en un centro de salud público, sin anemia a los 3 meses de edad, aleatorizados en tres grupos: suplementación diaria (1 mg/kg/día), semanal (4 mg/kg/semana) o sin suplementación (grupo control con lactancia materna exclusiva [LME]). Se evaluó anemia y DH a los 3 y 6 meses. Se registró grado de adherencia y efectos adversos. Los datos se analizaron con el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados. Participaron 227 lactantes. A los 6 meses el grupo de lactantes con LME sin suplementación (control) presentó prevalencias de DH y anemia por DH (ADH) mayores que los grupos intervenidos (diario y semanal). DH: 40,5 % vs. 13,5 % y 16,7 % (p = 0,002); ADH: 33,3 % vs. 7,8 % y 10 % (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias entre los grupos diario y semanal. Tampoco hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de alta adherencia a la suplementación (50,6 % diaria vs. 57,1 % semanal), ni en los efectos adversos. Conclusiones. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la efectividad entre la administración diaria y semanal para la prevención de ADH del lactante.

Introduction. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency and the main cause of anemia in infants. There is consensus on daily iron supplementation as a preventive strategy; and weekly iron supplementation has also been shown to be effective, but evidence in infants is scarce. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of daily versus weekly iron administration for the prevention of ID anemia (IDA) in infants. Population and methods. Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Infants seen at a public health center, without anemia at 3 months of age, were randomized into 3 groups: daily supplementation (1 mg/kg/ day), weekly supplementation (4 mg/kg/week), or no supplementation (control group with exclusive breastfeeding [EB]). Anemia and ID were assessed at 3 and 6 months old. Adherence and adverse events were recorded. Data were analyzed using the R software, version 4.0.3. Results. A total of 227 infants participated. At 6 months, the group of infants with EB without supplementation(control) had a higher prevalence of ID and IDA than the intervention groups (daily and weekly). ID: 40.5% versus 13.5% and 16.7% (p = 0.002); IDA: 33.3% versus 7.8% and 10% (p < 0.001). There were no differences between the daily and weekly supplementation groups. There were also no differences in the percentage of high adherence to supplementation (50.6% daily versus 57.1% weekly) or adverse events. Conclusions. No significant differences in effectiveness were observed between daily and weekly administration for the prevention of infant IDA.

Iron accumulation and its impact on osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a kind of degenerative disease, also described as "invisible killer." Estrogen is generally considered as the key hormone for women to maintain bone mineral content during their lives. Iron accumulation refers to a state of human serum ferritin that is higher than the normal value but less than 1000 μg/L. It has been found that iron accumulation and osteoporosis could occur simultaneously with the decrease in estrogen level after menopause. In recent years, many studies indicated that iron accumulation plays a vital role in postmenopausal osteoporosis, and a significant correlation has been found between iron accumulation and fragility fractures. In this review, we summarize and analyze the relevant literature including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses between January 1996 and July 2022. We investigate the mechanism of the effect of iron accumulation on bone metabolism and discuss the relationship of iron accumulation, osteoporosis, and postmenopausal fragility fractures, as well as the main clinical treatment strategies. We conclude that it is necessary to pay attention to the phenomenon of iron accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and explore the in-depth mechanism of abnormal bone metabolism caused by iron accumulation, in order to facilitate the discovery of effective therapeutic targets for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The efficacy and safety of intravenous sucrose iron therapy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with recurrent iron deficiency anemia (IDA) . Methods: This retrospective analysis of 90 patients with recurrent IDA from May 2012 to December 2021 was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of the intravenous iron therapy group and the oral iron therapy group. Results: Among the 90 patients with recurrent IDA, 20 were males and 70 were females, with a median age of 40 (range: 14-85) years. A total of 60 patients received intravenous iron supplementation and 30 received oral iron supplementation. The hematologic response rates in the intravenous iron group were significantly higher than those in the oral iron group at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment [80.0% (48/60) vs 3.3% (1/30) and 96.7% (58/60) vs 46.7% (14/30), all P<0.001, respectively]. The median increase in hemoglobin levels was also significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group [38 (4, 66) g/L vs 7 (1, 22) g/L at week 4 and 44.5 (18, 80) g/L vs 19 (3, 53) g/L at week 8, all P<0.001]. The intravenous iron group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved normal hemoglobin levels than the oral iron group (55.0% vs 0 and 90% vs 43.3%, all P<0.001, respectively). Iron metabolism indicators were tested before and after 8 weeks of treatment in 26 and 7 patients in the intravenous and oral iron groups, respectively. The median increase in serum ferritin (SF) levels in the intravenous iron group 8 weeks after treatment was 113.7 (49.7, 413.5) μg/L, and 54% (14/26) of these patients had SF levels of ≥100 μg/L, which was significantly higher than the median increase in SF levels in the oral iron group [14.0 (5.8, 84.2) μg/L, t=4.760, P<0.001] and the proportion of patients with SF levels of ≥100 μg/L (P=0.013). The incidence of adverse reactions was 3.3% (2/60) in the intravenous iron group, which was significantly lower than that in the oral iron group [20.0% (6/30), P=0.015]. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation is more effective for hematologic response, faster hemoglobin increase, and higher iron storage replenishment rates compared with oral iron supplementation in patients with recurrent IDA, and it is well tolerated by patients.

Iron salt supplementation during gestation and gestational diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To evaluate the association between the use of iron salts during the first two trimesters of gestation in non-anemic women and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study used maternal data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All non-anemic women at the 24th week of gestation (n = 2,463) were eligible for this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was self-reported by women. Crude and adjusted logistic regression were performed considering level of significance = 0.05. RESULTS Among the women studied, 69.7% were exposed to prophylactic iron supplementation in the first two trimesters of gestation. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among those exposed was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.4-10.1) and 9.3% (95%CI: 7.4-11.6) among those who were not exposed. Iron supplementation was not associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in crude (OR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0,7-1,3) and adjusted analysis (OR = 1.1; 95%CI :0,8-1,6). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that routine iron use in non-anemic pregnant women does not increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes. This evidence supports the existing national and international guidelines, in which prophylactic iron supplementation is recommended for all pregnant women as soon as they initiate antenatal care in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Use of iron supplement to prevent anemia in children aged six to 59 months attended at the Family Health Strategy (ESF) units in a city in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Uso de suplemento de ferro para prevenção da anemia em crianças de seis a 59 meses atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família de um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the use of iron supplementation and associated factors in children aged six to 59 months attended at the Family Health Strategy units in a city in Minas Gerais (MG). Methods: a cross-sectional, analytical-exploratory study, carried out with 252 children aged six to 59 months, attended at ten units, between 2014 and 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socioeconomic conditions, maternal health, child's health and the knowledge of those responsible regarding anemia and iron supplementation, in addition to analysis of the child's medical records /booklet to collect test results. Descriptive statistics, bivariate association analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis were performed. Results: only 22.6% of the children aged between six and 24 months were receiving iron supplement at the time of the interview. Considering children aged six to 59 months, 13.1% were supplemented and breastfeeding time (p=0.006) and the participation in childcare (p=0.042), were positively associated with the use of supplementation. Conclusion: most children aged six to 24 months were not receiving supplementation as recommended by the Ministry of Health, demonstrating the need to implement prevention programs, such as the National Iron Supplementation Program and training of professionals on the importance of health education in preventing childhood anemia.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o uso do suplemento de ferro e fatores associados em crianças de seis a 59 meses atendidas em unidades Estratégia Saúde da Família em município de Minas Gerais (MG). Métodos: estudo transversal, analítico-exploratório, realizado com 252 crianças na faixa etária seis a 59 meses, atendidas em dez unidades, entre 2014 e 2016. Utilizou-se questionário estruturado para coleta de dados sobre condições socioeconômicas, saúde materna, saúde da criança e conhecimentos dos responsáveis acerca da anemia e suplementação com ferro, além de análise do prontuário / caderneta da criança para coleta de resultados de exames. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva, análise de associação bivariada e regressão logística para análise multivariada. Resultados: apenas 22,6% das crianças com idade entre seis e 24 meses estavam recebendo o suplemento de ferro no momento da entrevista. Considerando as crianças de seis a 59 meses, 13,1% eram suplementadas e o tempo de amamentação (p=0,006) e a participação na puericultura (p=0,042) apresentaram associação com o uso de suplemento. Conclusão: a maioria das crianças de seis a 24 meses não recebia a suplementação, demonstrando a necessidade de implementação dos programas de prevenção, como o Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Ferro e capacitação dos profissionais sobre a importância da educação em saúde para prevenção da anemia infantil.

Prevalencia y evolución de la anemia en embarazadas del Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas / Prevalence and evolution of anemia in pregnant women at the Central Hospital of the Armed Forces / Prevalência e evolução da anemia em mulheres grávidas no Hospital Central das Forças Armadas

Introducción: de acuerdo a los datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud la prevalencia de anemia ferropénica en el embarazo oscila entre el 20 y el 39% de los mismos en Latinoamérica, siendo asociada con resultados adversos para la salud. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, donde fue estudiada la frecuencia de la anemia en las embarazadas usuarias del Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, y su evolución posterior luego del embarazo. Resultados: se observó que el 15,7% de las pacientes presentaba anemia en el embarazo, con un buen porcentaje de pacientes que cumplían el tratamiento con hierro indicado, y que sólo un bajo porcentaje realizaba un control de la anemia luego del embarazo. Discusión: el porcentaje de pacientes con anemia en el embarazo en este centro asistencial se encuentra por debajo de los porcentajes establecidos en la literatura internacional, se analizan las causas y se verifica que existe una dificultad en el seguimiento de estas pacientes luego del embarazo.

Introduction: according to World Health Organization data, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy ranges between 20 and 39% of pregnancies in Latin America, being associated with adverse health outcomes. Materials and Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out to study the frequency of anemia in pregnant women users of the Central Hospital of the Armed Forces of Montevideo, and its subsequent evolution after pregnancy. Results: it was observed that 15.7% of the patients had anemia during pregnancy, with a good percentage of patients who complied with the indicated iron treatment, and only a small number of patients underwent anemia control after pregnancy. Discussion: the percentage of patients with anemia in pregnancy in this health care center is below the percentages established in the international literature, the causes are analyzed and it is verified that there is a difficulty in the follow-up of these patients after pregnancy.

Introdução: de acordo com dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de anemia por deficiência de ferro na gravidez varia entre 20 e 39% das gestações na América Latina, e está associada a resultados de saúde adversos. Materiais e Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal e descritivo para estudar a freqüência da anemia em gestantes usuárias do Hospital Central das Forças Armadas, e sua posterior evolução após a gravidez. Resultados: observou-se que 15,7% das pacientes tiveram anemia durante a gravidez, com uma boa porcentagem de pacientes que cumpriram o tratamento com ferro indicado, e apenas uma baixa porcentagem teve controle da anemia após a gravidez. Discussão: a porcentagem de pacientes com anemia na gravidez em nosso centro de atendimento está abaixo das porcentagens estabelecidas na literatura internacional, analisamos as causas e verificamos que existe uma dificuldade em monitorar essas pacientes após a gravidez.

Anemia en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: un objetivo subestimado / Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease

Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there are several causes of anemia in IBD, the two most frequent etiologies are iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Despite the high prevalence of anemia in IBD and its significant impact on patient's quality of life, this complication is still underdiagnosed and undertreated by providers. Active screening for anemia, structured assessment, comprehensive management, and multidisciplinary collaboration are needed in IBD patients. The cornerstone of anemia management depends on the underlying etiology along with normalization of inflammatory activity. Although, oral iron is effective for the treatment of mild iron deficiency-related anemia, intravenous iron formulations have a good safety profile and can be used as first-line therapy in patients with active IBD, severe anemia and previous intolerance prior to oral iron. After proper treatment of anemia, careful monitoring is necessary to prevent its recurrence. Herein, we discuss the etiology, screening, diagnosis, therapy selection, and follow-up for anemia in IBD.

Tratamiento del trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactividad en población pediátrica: revisión bibliográfica / Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the pediatric population: literature review

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del comportamiento común en la infancia, caracterizado por la presencia de hiperactividad, impulsividad, problemas de atención y dificultades en las interacciones sociales. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue identificar los tratamientos disponibles para el manejo del TDAH, tanto farmacológicos como no farmacológicos. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed y Google Scholar, recopilando 285 artículos. Se excluyeron aquellos que no estaban en inglés o español, incluían población adulta o no se ajustaban al propósito de la revisión. Se seleccionaron 48 artículos y se incluyeron finalmente 30 para la lectura. Se concluye que la evidencia sugiere un enfoque combinado de tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico. Entre los tratamientos farmacológicos, los estimulantes como el metilfenidato siguen siendo la opción de primera línea. Además, hay estudios preliminares que respaldan la suplementación de hierro, vitamina D, zinc, omega 3, ginseng rojo y proteína de suero de leche. En cuanto a los tratamientos no farmacológicos, hay una amplia variedad de estrategias terapéuticas, como psicoeducación, entrenamiento en habilidades sociales, terapia de aceptación y compromiso, entrenamiento para padres, neurofeedback, aplicaciones de juegos móviles, actividad física, higiene del sueño, estimulación magnética transcraneal, acupuntura y terapia asistida por caballos. Aunque estos estudios son prometedores, muchos son incipientes, y se requiere más investigación en este campo.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder in childhood, characterized by the presence of hyperactivity and impulsivity, attention problems, and difficulties in social interactions. The objective of this bibliographic review was to identify the available treatments for the non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of ADHD. A search was conducted in PubMed for articles published in the last 5 years and in Google Scholar since 2018, resulting in 285 collected articles. Articles not in English or Spanish, including adults in their population, or not fitting the purpose of this review were excluded. Out of 48 selected articles for reading, 30 were finally included. The available evidence suggests a combined approach of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Stimulants such as methylphenidate continue to be the first-line treatment among pharmacological measures. Incipient studies recommend the use of iron, vitamin D, zinc, omega 3, red ginseng, and whey protein supplementation. Non-pharmacological measures include a variety of therapeutic strategies, such as psychoeducation, training in social skills, acceptance and commitment therapy, training for parents, neurofeedback, mobile game applications, physical activity, sleep hygiene, transcranial magnetic stimulation, acupuncture, and horse-assisted therapy. While these studies show promise, most are still in the early stages, emphasizing the need for further research in this area.

Prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of folic acid and iron in pregnant women in the BRISA cohort / Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de ácido fólico e ferro em gestantes da coorte BRISA

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of folic acid and iron among puerperal women in the city of São Luís, Maranhão. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 4,036 puerperal women through a standardized questionnaire. The dependent variables (outcomes) were: the consumption of folic acid during pregnancy, iron and folic acid before pregnancy. The independent variables: age; schooling; skin color; marital status; income; planned pregnancy; place and number of prenatal consultations. Statistical analyzes were performed on STATA 14.0. For the first two outcomes, Poisson model with a robust variance was used. And for the last one, logistic regression. Results: the prevalence of consuming folic acid and iron during pregnancy were, respec-tively, 77.27% and 84.98%. However, only 0.37% reported the consume of folic acid and iron before pregnancy. In the adjusted analysis, the variables associated with the consumption of folic acid during pregnancy were: schooling and income; the consume of iron during preg-nancy, age only; and for those who consumed folic acid before pregnancy, no variable was statistically significant. Conclusions: high percentage of puerperal women who consumed folic acid and iron supplements during pregnancy, however, the recommended consumption of folic acid before pregnancy was low and maternal, social and economic factors influence the consumption of these supplements.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever prevalência e fatores associados ao uso deácido fólico e ferro entre puérperas do município de São Luís, Maranhão. Métodos: estudo transversal com 4.036 puérperas através de questionário padronizado. As variáveis dependentes (desfechos) foram: uso durante a gestação de ácido fólico, ferro e ácido fólico antes da gestação. As variáveis independentes: idade; escolaridade; cor da pele; situação conjugal; renda; gravidez planejada; local e número de consultas do pré-natal. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no STATA 14.0. Para os dois primeiros desfechos, utilizou-se modelo de Poisson com variância robusta. Para o último, regressão logística. Resultados: a prevalência do uso de ácido fólico e ferro durante a gestação foram, respectivamente, 77,27% e 84,98%. Entretanto, apenas 0,37% declararam uso antes da gestação. Na análise ajustada, as variáveis associadas com uso de ácido fólico durante a gestação foram: escolaridadee renda; parausode ferro durante a gestação, apenas a idade; e para as que fizeram uso de ácido fólico antes da gestação, nenhuma variável mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: alto percentual de puérperas fez uso de suplementos de ácido fólico e ferro-durante a gestação, porém o uso recomendado de ácido fólico antes da gestação mostrou-se baixo e que fatores maternos, sociais e econômicos influenciam no consumo destes suple-mentos.

Anemia y déficit de hierro en lactantes de 6 a 12 meses de la ciudad de Necochea: prevalencia y determinantes / Anemia and iron deficiency in infants aged 6-12 months in the city of Necochea: Prevalence and determinants

Introducción. La anemia en los primeros años de vida produce graves consecuencias psicomotoras, sociales y económicas. El objetivo fue determinar su prevalencia, causas y factores de riesgo y preventivos en lactantes de la ciudad de Necochea.Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se evaluaron lactantes sanos de 6 a 12 meses, que concurrieron espontáneamente por control de salud al sistema público y/o privado del distrito de Necochea durante el año 2017. Se solicitó consentimiento informado; se realizó una encuesta social y nutricional, evaluación del aporte de hierro de la dieta y medicamentoso, examen físico y pruebas de laboratorio.Resultados. Se incluyeron 239 participantes; el 50,6 % presentaban anemia y el 47,3 %, ferropenia. La media y mediana de hemoglobina coincidieron en 10,9 g/dl, (media de referencia 12,5 mg/dl). De los anémicos, el 54,4 % presentaba ferropenia; el 61,7 % no recibía aporte adecuado de hierro; el 44,3 % no había recibido hierro suplementario el día previo. De este porcentaje, el 24,5 % no había recibido indicación médica y, en el 9,1 %, no había suplemento en el centro de atención primaria de salud u hospital. El aporte adecuado de hierro resultó un factor protector para ferropenia (riesgo relativo ­RR­ 0,78 [intervalo de confianza ­IC­ del 95 %: 0,6-0,9]), y no fue así para la aparición de anemia (RR 1,08; [IC95%: 0,8-1,3]).Conclusiones. En la ciudad de Necochea, anemia y ferropenia son entidades con elevada prevalencia; el aporte de hierro dietario es pobre y el suplemento está subindicado.

Introduction. Anemia in the first years of life leads to severe psychomotor, social, and financial effects. The objective of this study was to determine its prevalence, causes, and risk and preventive factors among infants in the city of Necochea.Population and methods. Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. Healthy infants aged 6-12 months who attended a spontaneous health checkup in a public and/or private facility in the district of Necochea during 2017 were assessed. An informed consent was obtained; a social and nutrition survey was administered; dietary and medicinal iron intake was assessed; and a physical examination and lab tests were done.Results. A total of 239 participants were included; 50.6 % had anemia and 47.3 %, iron deficiency. Mean and median hemoglobin levels were both 10.9 g/dL, (reference mean: 12.5 mg/dL). Among anemia patients, 54.4 % had iron deficiency; iron intake was inadequate in 61.7 %; and 44.3 % had not received iron supplementation the previous day. Among these, 24.5 % had not received a medical indication for it, and 9.1 % did not find iron supplementation available at their primary health care center or hospital. An adequate iron intake was a protective factor against iron deficiency (relative risk [RR]: 0.78 [95 % confidence interval {CI}: 0.6-0.9]), but not against the development of anemia (RR: 1.08; [95 % CI: 0.8-1.3]).Conclusions. In the city of Necochea, anemia and iron deficiency are highly prevalent conditions; dietary iron intake is insufficient and supplementation is under-prescribed.

Hierro intravenoso en la terapia del síndrome de piernas inquietas / Intravenous iron for restless legs syndrome. Report of five cases

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) may severely affect the quality of life of patients. A deficient iron incorporation into the central nervous system has an important role in the pathophysiology of RLS. Severely affected patients may not respond to current therapeutic options. We report a preliminary experience with five patients with severe RLS and low serum ferritin levels who did not improve with oral iron. All were treated with 1 g of intravenous iron carboxymaltose. They experienced a marked improvement in symptoms, evident even during the first week of therapy that had persistent after up to two years of follow-up. A significant change in the RLS severity scale was observed after intravenous iron. Serum ferritin levels increased in all of them. Intravenous iron could be a therapeutic option for patients with severe RLS.

Screening de hemoglobina en una población de lactantes / Hemoglobin screening test in a population of infants / Teste de triagem de hemoglobina em uma população de lactentes

La deficiencia de hierro es la causa más frecuente de anemia en pediatría. Su detección precoz, tratamiento correcto y profilaxis adecuada, constituyen una prioridad sanitaria en nuestro país. Objetivo: Describir el screening de hemoglobina realizado en lactantes con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 meses, usuarios de un centro de atención pediátrico de Montevideo, en el período comprendido entre 2 de mayo y 31 de octubre de 2015 y evaluar factores de riesgo de anemia ferropénica presentes. Se revisaron sus historias clínicas, consignando datos epidemiológicos, antecedentes perinatales, alimentación recibida y si recibieron suplementación con hierro adecuada. Se registró si se había realizado la medición de hemoglobina por punción digital y el valor medido. Se comparó la prevalencia de factores de riesgo entre niños con y sin anemia. En el período evaluado fueron asistidos 62 niños: 3 pretérminos de 34 semanas o menos; 15 con peso al nacer menor a 3000 gramos; 42 con lactancia materna exclusiva durante 6 meses; 54 con alimentación complementaria adecuada; 45 con suplementación de hierro. Se realizó la medición de hemoglobina por punción digital a 55 niños. Tenían anemia 28 niños (82 % leve). No se encontró asociación de padecer anemia con los factores de riesgo estudiados excepto el cumplimiento de la profilaxis con suplemento de hierro. Concluimos que la prevalencia de anemia en este grupo fue elevada y que la suplementación con hierro es importante para su prevención.

Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia in pediatrics. Its early detection, correct treatment and adequate prophylaxis, constitute a health priority in our country. Objective: Describe the hemoglobin screening performed in infants aged between 8 and 12 months, users of a pediatric care center from Montevideo, in the period covered between May 2 and October 31, 2015 and evaluate factors of Risk of iron deficiency anemia present. Their clinical histories were reviewed, including epidemiological data, perinatal records, and diet received and if they received adequate iron supplementation. It was recorded if the hemoglobin measurement had been performed by digital puncture and the measured value. The prevalence of risk factors among children with and without anemia was compared. In the evaluated period, 62 children were assisted: 3 preterm subjects of 34 weeks or less; 15 birth weight less than 3,000 grams; 42 exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months; 54 adequate complementary feeding; 45 iron supplementation. The hemoglobin was measured by digital puncture to 55 children. 28 of them had anemia (82 % mild). No association of anemia was found with the risk factors studied except compliance with prophylaxis with iron supplementation. We conclude that the prevalence of anemia in this group was high and that iron supplementation is important for its prevention.

A deficiência de ferro é a causa mais frequente de anemia em pediatria. Sua detecção precoce, tratamento correto e profilaxia adequada constituem uma prioridade de saúde em nosso país. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever a prevalência de anemia em um centro de atendimento de primeiro nível e os fatores de risco associados. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, incluindo crianças entre 8 e 12 meses de idade, que receberam controle sanitário entre maio e outubro de 2015. Suas histórias clínicas foram revisadas, incluindo dados epidemiológicos, registros perinatais e dieta recebida. e se receberam suplementação adequada de ferro. Foi registrado se a medição de hemoglobina foi realizada por punção digital e o valor medido. A prevalência de fatores de risco entre crianças com e sem anemia foi comparada. No período avaliado, 62 crianças foram atendidas: 3 prematuros de 34 semanas ou menos; 15 peso ao nascer inferior a 3000 g; 42 amamentação exclusiva por 6 meses; 54 alimentação complementar adequada; 45 suplementação de ferro. A hemoglobina foi medida por punção digital para 55 crianças. Eles tiveram 28 crianças anemia (82 % leve). Não foi encontrada associação de anemia com os fatores de risco estudados, exceto a adesão à profilaxia com suplementação de ferro. Conclui-se que a prevalência de anemia nesse grupo foi alta e que a suplementação de ferro é importante para sua prevenção.

Síndrome de piernas inquietas en niños: caracterización clínica / Characterization of restless leg syndrome in children

El Síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) o Enfermedad de Willis­Ekbom, es una condición neurológica que afecta al 2-4% de los niños en edad escolar. Etiológicamente se ha relacionado al metabolismo del hierro y a factores genéticos entre otros. En niños aun es una patología poco diagnosticada. Trabajo observacional descriptivo, en el cual se realiza caracterización clínica, según criterios internacionales, en 14 pacientes menores de 18 años, 9 varones. Edad promedio 8 años. Sintomatología inicial variada, desde resistencia a ir a la cama, hasta dibujar sus molestias. En 10 se comprobó déficit de hierro. En 11 pacientes se realizó un polisomnograma, 10 de ellos con un índice elevado de movimientos periódicos de extremidades. El uso de pregabalina y aporte de hierro fue el tratamiento más utilizado. Dos pacientes tenían padres diagnosticados con SPI.

Abstract. The Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom Disease is a neurological condition that affects 2-4% of school-age children. Its etiology has been related to the metabolism of iron and genetic factors among others. In children it is still a frequently undiagnosed disorder. This is a descriptive observational report, in which clinical characterization is carried out according to international criteria in 14 patients under 18 years old, 9 boys. Average age is 8 years old. The initial symptomatology was varied, from resistance to comply with bedtime, to drawing their discomfort. In 9, iron deficiency was found. A polysomnogram was performed in 11 patients, 10 of which had a high periodic limb movements index. The use of pregabalin and supplementary iron were the most used treatments. Two patients had parents diagnosed with RLS.

Recomendaciones para intervenciones con suplementos de hierro: lecciones aprendidas en un ensayo comunitario en cuatro regiones del Perú / Recommendations for interventions with iron supplements: lessons learned in a community trial in four regions of Peru

Los programas de suplementación con hierro, a pesar de contar con evidencia de que funcionan en condiciones controladas, no muestran efectividad en las intervenciones a gran escala a través de los servicios de salud, porque implica garantizar una serie de procesos durante la ejecución que, al no cumplirse, producen fallas en la implementación del programa. En muchos casos la falta de impacto en las intervenciones con hierro se debe a estas fallas o desviaciones de la implementación, más que a fallas en el diseño de la intervención (teoría del cambio) o estrategia. Bajo esa premisa, el objetivo del presente artículo es compartir las lecciones aprendidas en la ejecución, durante el año 2015, del ensayo comunitario para mejorar la adherencia a suplementación con micronutrientes en polvo en niños menores de 3 años de 4 regiones del Perú y brindar recomendaciones puntuales a las intervenciones con suplementos de hierro en población infantil con la finalidad de contribuir a cerrar las brechas de implementación y mejorar la ejecución de estas políticas públicas.

Iron supplementation programs, despite evidence of their effectiveness in controlled conditions, are not effective as largescale interventions in health services because of the necessary involvement during execution of a series of processes that, when not fulfilled, limit the implementation of the program. In many cases, the lack of impact of interventions to provide iron supplements is the result of failures or deviations from execution rather than flaws in the intervention design (theory of change) or intervention strategy. The objective of this study was to share the lessons learned in the execution of a community trial in 2015 to improve adherence to micronutrient powder supplementation in children younger than 3 years in four regions of Peru, as well as to provide recommendations on iron supplementation in children to help close gaps in the design and execution of public policies.

Anemia ferropénica en niños menores de un año usuarios de CASMU-IAMPP: prevalencia y factores asociados / Iron deficiency anemia in children younger than 1 year old users of CASMU-IAMPP: prevalence and associated factors

Resumen Introducción: la anemia ferropénica es un problema de salud nacional. Existen recomendaciones para su prevención. Para su diagnóstico temprano se incorporó a partir de 2014 la medición de la hemoglobina por punción digital entre los 8-12 meses de edad. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de anemia en lactantes usuarios de CASMU-IAMPP e identificar factores asociados. Material y métodos: se estudiaron lactantes entre 8-12 meses, a quienes se realizó medición de hemoglobina por punción digital, entre julio-diciembre 2014. Se describió la prevalencia de anemia. Se describieron las características de los niños con anemia y se compararon con las de un grupo control de niños sin anemia. Resultados: en el período evaluado se realizó hemoglobina digital a 95% de los lactantes entre 8-12 meses, 18,3% presentaba anemia. El 65,9% incorporó carne a la alimentación en forma tardía, 28,6% recibía dosis incorrecta de hierro suplementario y 23,4% no adhería al tratamiento. Los niños con anemia, en comparación con el grupo control, no presentaron mayor prevalencia de prematurez, peso al nacer menor a 3000 g, embarazo gemelar, anemia en el embarazo, suplementación con hierro en el embarazo, pecho directo exclusivo durante 6 meses, o inicio adecuado de alimentación complementaria. En los niños con anemia se detectó una falla en el inicio oportuno de la suplementación con hierro en dosis adecuada así como una mala adherencia al tratamiento. Discusión: debe alertar un 20% de niños con anemia en una población seleccionada en general con recursos económicos adecuados. Se debe insistir en la incorporación temprana de carne a la alimentación e inicio adecuado de la suplementación con hierro en dosis adecuada recomendando una buena adherencia al tratamiento.

Summary Introduction: iron deficiency anemia is a health problem in Uruguay. In 2014, hemoglobin measurement by digital puncture in infants between 8 and 12 months was introduced as a screening method for early diagnosis. Objective: to determine anemia prevalence in infants between 8 and 12 months in the institution (CASMU-IAMPP), and to identify associated factors. Method: infants between 8 and 12 months were studied with hemoglobin measurement by digital puncture from July to December of 2014. The characteristics of the children with anemia were described and compared with the control group. The data were obtained from the medical record and by means of a telephone survey. Results: 804 children were evaluated with hemoglobin measurement by digital puncture, 145 presented anemia (18.03%). The characteristics presented by children with anemia (n=143) were compared with the control group of children without anemia (n=143). There was no significant difference in the distribution by sex, prematurity prevalence, weight under 3.000 g, twin pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding, and adequate initiation of replacement treatment. Children with anemia presented problems in the initiation of iron supplementation, doses of supplementary iron were adequate, although adherence to treatment was bad (p<0.05). Discussion: the fact that 20% of children from a socio-economic sector with adequate resources have anemia is rather alarming. Early consumption of meat and adequate initiation of iron supplementation in the right doses must be encouraged, as well as a good adherence to treatment.

¿Puede usarse el receptor soluble de transferrina para diagnosticar anemia ferropénica y evaluar la respuesta al hierro en lactantes con desnutrición aguda moderada? / Can soluble transferrin receptor be used in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia and assessing iron response in infants with moderate acute malnutrition?

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia del receptor soluble de transferrina (RST) en el diagnóstico de la anemia ferropénica (AF) y en la evaluación de la respuesta al hierro en los lactantes con desnutrición aguda moderada (DAM). Población y métodos. Se reclutó a lactantes con valores de hemoglobina (Hb) inferiores a los valores umbrales de anemia para su edad y con anemia hipocrómica/microcítica observada en el frotis de sangre periférica. La DAM se definió como un puntaje Z de peso/estatura de entre < -2 y -3. Se compararon los valores del hemograma, los parámetros férricos y el RST entre 41 lactantes con DAM y anemia (grupo DA), 32 lactantes con anemia sin DAM (grupo A) y controles saludables (n= 30). Una vez completado el tratamiento de la anemia y la desnutrición, se repitieron las evaluaciones. Resultados. Además de los índices hematológicos compatibles con AF, los valores de hierro sérico (Fe) y saturación de transferrina (ST) eran significativamente menores, mientras que el valor de transferrina era significativamente mayor en los grupos DA y A en comparación con los controles (p < 0,001). Los valores de ferritina y proteína C-reactiva (PCR) eran significativamente más elevados en el grupo DA (p < 0,05 para la ferritina, p < 0,01 para la PCR). El valor medio del RST fue similar en ambos grupos (DA y A) (p > 0,05) y significativamente mayor que en los controles (p < 0,001). Después del tratamiento con hierro, el RST disminuyó en los grupos DA y A (p < 0,001) a valores similares a los observados en los controles. El RST se correlacionó negativamente con la Hb durante todo el estudio (grupo DA: r= -0,350, p < 0,05; grupo A: r= -0,683, p < 0,01). Conclusiones. Dado que los valores del RST en los grupos DA y A disminuyeron después del tratamiento con hierro, consideramos que este parámetro no estuvo afectado por la DAM ni la inflamación y puede usarse, por sí solo, para detectar la AF y supervisar la respuesta al tratamiento en los lactantes con DAM.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and evaluating iron response in infants with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). Population and methods. Infants withhemoglobin (Hb) levels lower than threshold values for anemia for their ages and hypochromic/ microcytic anemia on peripheral smear were recruited. MAM was defined as weight/height z score < -2 to -3. Complete blood count (CBC), iron parameters and sTfR were compared among 41 infants with MAM and anemia (MA group), 32 infants with anemia without MAM (group A), and healthy controls (n= 30). Following anemia and malnutrition treatment, tests were repeated. Results. Besides hematological indices compatible with IDA, serum iron (Fe) and transferrin saturation (TS) were significantly lower, while transferrin was significantly higher in MA and A groups compared to controls (p <0.001). Ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher in MA group (p <0.05 ferritin, p <0.01 for CRP). Mean sTfR was similar in both MA and A groups (p >0.05) and significantly higher than controls (p <0.001). Following iron treatment, sTfR decreased inboth MA and A groups (p <0.001) to similar values as controls. sTfR was negatively correlated to Hb throughout the study (for MA group, r= -0.350, p <0.05; for A group, r= -0.683, p <0.01). Conclusions. As sTfR values in both MA and A groups decreased following iron treatment, we believe that this parameter was not influenced by MAM or inflammation; and it alone can be used to detect IDA and monitor treatment response in infants with MAM.

"Pós de doliarina e ferro": um dos remédios importantes da Farmácia Peckolt / "Doliarina and iron powder": an important medicine at Peckolt Pharmacy

Resumo O farmacêutico Theodoro Peckolt é uma das mais importantes figuras da história da química de produtos naturais brasileira. Como outros farmacêuticos do século XIX que atuavam no Brasil, desenvolveu formulações que comercializava em sua farmácia, localizada no Rio de Janeiro, e que tiveram grande prestígio junto à população e à classe médica. O texto apresenta a relação entre a doença identificada inicialmente como opilação e a terapêutica utilizada no século XIX, destacando uma das formulações da Farmácia Peckolt – “Pós de doliarina e ferro”. O produto tem sua origem no látex da espécie Ficus gomelleira(figueira-branca ou gameleira). O artigo tem entre seus objetivos revelar a composição química, feita por métodos modernos de análise do látex deFicus gomelleira.

Abstract The pharmacist Theodoro Peckolt was one of the most important figures in the history of the chemistry of natural Brazilian products. Like other nineteenth-century pharmacists in Brazil, he developed formulations and sold them at his pharmacy in Rio de Janeiro, and these enjoyed great prestige in the eyes both of the public and the medical community. The article discusses the relation between the illness originally called “opilação” (ancylostomiasis, or hookworm) and nineteenth-century treatment. It focuses especially on Peckolt Pharmacy’s “Doliarina and iron powder,” a formulation extracted from the Ficus gomelleira rubber plant. One of the article’s goals is to use modern methods to analyze Ficus gomelleira and identify the chemical composition of the drug.

Influência da hipomagnesemia sobre a homeostase do ferro e estresse oxidativo no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Influence of hypomagnesemia on iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to bring updated information about the influence of magnesium deficiency on iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetics. Data source: A bibliographic search was conducted in the databases Bireme, SciELO, Science Direct, PubMed and Portal.periodicos.Capes using the following descriptors: "diabetes mellitus", "magnesium", "iron", "oxidative stress" and "malondialdehyde". Fifty articles related to this literature were selected. Data synthesis: Several studies have shown the influence of hypomagnesemia on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetics. Deficiency of this mineral seems to be related to the induction of hemolysis, which favors the release of iron with overload of this mineral in the body, allowing an increase of the hydroxyl radical through the Fenton reaction and, consequently, oxidative stress. The increase in free iron contributes significantly to the manifestation of lipid peroxidation, which triggers a sequence of lesions in the cell with loss of selectivity in ion exchange and release of the contents of organelles, such as the hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes, and the formation of cytotoxic products, such as malondialdehyde. CONCLUSIONS: There is scientific evidence that magnesium deficiency alters iron compartmentalization in the body; however, new studies are needed to bring information that would enable the biochemical understanding of the importance of the balance of magnesium and iron concentrations in protecting against the oxidative stress present in type 2 diabetes

OBJETIVO: Esta revisão visa trazer informações atualizadas sobre a influência da deficiência de magnésio na homeostase do ferro e estresse oxidativo em diabéticos tipo 2. Fonte de dados: O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases de dados Bireme, Scielo, Science Direct, periódicos Capes e Pubmed com os seguintes descritores: "diabetes mellitus", "magnésio", "ferro", "estresse oxidativo" e "malondialdeído". Foram selecionados 50 artigos entre os relacionados por essa pesquisa bibliográfica. Síntese dos dados: Diversos estudos têm mostrado a influência da hipomagnesemia sobre o estresse oxidativo em diabéticos tipo 2, sendo que a deficiência desse mineral parece estar relacionada à indução da hemólise dos eritrócitos, que favorece a liberação do ferro com sobrecarga desse mineral no organismo, o que possibilita aumento do radical hidroxila por meio da reação de Fenton e, consequentemente, o estresse oxidativo. O aumento de ferro livre contribui de forma relevante para a manifestação da peroxidação lipídica, que desencadeia sequência de lesões na célula, com perda da seletividade na troca iônica e liberação do conteúdo de organelas, como as enzimas hidrolíticas dos lisossomas e a formação de produtos citotóxicos, como o malondialdeído. CONCLUSÕES: Há evidências científicas de que a deficiência de magnésio altera a compartimentalização do ferro no organismo, entretanto a realização de novos estudos é necessária para trazer informações que permitam o entendimento bioquímico da importância do equilíbrio das concentrações de magnésio e ferro na proteção contra o estresse oxidativo presente no diabetes tipo 2

Management of Anemia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease / 대한소화기학회지

Anemia is one of the commonest extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pathogenesis of anemia in IBD is complex but iron deficiency combined with inflammation is the most common factor related to the development of anemia. However, other causes such as vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, hemolysis, myelosuppression and drug also should not be overlooked. In addition to ferritin, inflammatory markers and new biochemical parameters such as hepcidin and ferritin index are being tested as diagnostic a tool. First step for treatment is disease activity control and iron supplementation. Although oral iron is widely used, intravenous iron therapy should be considered in patients who are intolerant to oral iron therapy, have severe and refractory anemia or are in active disease state. Recently, new intravenous iron formulations have been introduced and due to their safety and easy usage, they have become the standard treatment modality for managing anemia in IBD. Erythropoietin and transfusion can be considered in specific situations. Vitamin B12 and folate supplementation is also important in patients who are deficient of these micronutrients. Since anemia in IBD patients could significantly influence the disease outcome, further studies and standard guideline for IBD are needed.